Estado actual de la cefalea postpunción meníngea en un hospital colombiano / Status of post-dural puncture headache in a Colombian hospital

Introducción: La cefalea postpunción meníngea (CPPM) posterior a la anestesia raquídea es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes asociadas a factores intrínsecos del paciente y de la técnica anestésica. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y los factores asociados con el desarrollo de la cefalea postpunción meníngea. Materiales y métodos: Serie retrospectiva de pacientes que ingresaron a un hospital de segundo nivel y se les confirmó el diagnóstico de cefalea secundaria a la anestesia raquídea. Resultados: Serie de 49 casos, 88 % de sexo femenino y 12 % de sexo masculino, con una edad media de 27,7 años. Los procedimientos quirúrgicos con desenlace de CPPM fueron: cirugías de ginecología y obstetricia (63 %), cirugías de urgencias de otras especialidades (28 %) y cirugías electivas (8 %). La técnica anestésica se realizó con agujas biseladas tipo Quincke calibre 25 gauge (G) en 14%, calibre 26 G 33 % y 27 G 53 %. El 51 % se realizó en posición de sedestación y el 49 % en decúbito lateral izquierdo. El 10% de los casos se manejó con parche hemático, en tanto que el antecedente de migraña se presentó en el 8 %. Discusión: En la actualidad, el uso de agujas con diseño de punta cónica es el estándar de oro, ya que permite obtener resultados confiables y disminuye complicaciones como la CPPM. Conclusión: La CPPM luego de una anestesia espinal se relacionó con factores como la edad (joven), el sexo (femenino) y el uso de agujas biseladas. Los otros factores de riesgo identificados fueron poco concluyentes, aunque no se pueden descartar, debido a la naturaleza de este estudio.

Introduction: Post dural puncture headache (PDPH) following spinal anesthesia is one of the most frequent complications associated with intrinsic patient and anesthetic technique factors. Objective: To describe the frequency and associated factors related to the development of PDPH. Materials and methods: Retrospective series of patients admitted to a second level hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of headache secondary to spinal anesthesia. Results: Series of 49 cases, 88 % female and 12 % male, mean age 27.7 years. The surgical procedures resulting in CPPM were gynecology and obstetrics surgeries 63 %, emergency surgeries of other specialties 28 % and elective surgeries 8 %. The anesthetic technique was performed with beveled needles Quincke type 25 gauge (G) in 14 %, 26 G gauge 33% and 27 G 53 %. In the seated position 51 % and in the left lateral decubitus position 49% were performed. A blood patch was used in 10 % of the cases and a history of migraine was present in 8 %. Discussion: The use of needles with conical tip design is currently the gold standard, they give reliable results and reduce complications such as PDPH. Conclusion: PDPH after spinal anesthesia was related to factors such as age (young), sex (female) and the use of traumatic needles. The other risk factors identified were inconclusive, although they cannot be ruled out due to the nature of this study.

Epidural hydroxyethyl starch ameliorating postdural puncture headache after accidental dural puncture / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#No convincing modalities have been shown to completely prevent postdural puncture headache (PDPH) after accidental dural puncture (ADP) during obstetric epidural procedures. We aimed to evaluate the role of epidural administration of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in preventing PDPH following ADP, regarding the prophylactic efficacy and side effects.@*METHODS@#Between January 2019 and February 2021, patients with a recognized ADP during epidural procedures for labor or cesarean delivery were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the prophylactic strategies for the development of PDPH at a single tertiary hospital. The development of PDPH, severity and duration of headache, adverse events associated with prophylactic strategies, and hospital length of stay postpartum were reported.@*RESULTS@#A total of 105 patients experiencing ADP received a re-sited epidural catheter. For PDPH prophylaxis, 46 patients solely received epidural analgesia, 25 patients were administered epidural HES on epidural analgesia, and 34 patients received two doses of epidural HES on and after epidural analgesia, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the incidence of PDPH across the groups (epidural analgesia alone, 31 [67.4%]; HES-Epidural analgesia, ten [40.0%]; HES-Epidural analgesia-HES, five [14.7%]; P <0.001). No neurologic deficits, including paresthesias and motor deficits related to prophylactic strategies, were reported from at least 2 months to up to more than 2 years after delivery. An overall backache rate related to HES administration was 10%. The multivariable regression analysis revealed that the HES-Epidural analgesia-HES strategy was significantly associated with reduced risk of PDPH following ADP (OR = 0.030, 95% confidence interval: 0.006-0.143; P < 0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The incorporated prophylactic strategy was associated with a great decrease in the risk of PDPH following obstetric ADP. This strategy consisted of re-siting an epidural catheter with continuous epidural analgesia and two doses of epidural HES, respectively, on and after epidural analgesia. The efficacy and safety profiles of this strategy have to be investigated further.

Malformations fœtales diagnostiquées à l'échographie obstétricale au CHU de Bouaké: à propos de 43 cas (Côte d'Ivoire) / Fetal Malformations diagnosed by Obstetrical Ultrasound at the University Hospital of Bouake : 43 cases reported (Cote d'Ivoire)

L'échographie obstétricale est l'examen de référence dans l'étude et le suivi des malformations fœtales que sont des anomalies morphologiques et fonctionnelles congénitales. L'objectif était de déterminer la fréquence et les types de malformations fœtales diagnostiquées à l'échographie obstétricale à Bouaké. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale rétrospective descriptive de 2010 à 2019 au centre hospitalier et universitaire (CHU) de Bouaké. Ont été incluses dans l'étude, toutes les femmes enceintes ayant présenté au moins une malformation fœtale au cours de la grossesse. Les variables étudiées étaient : l'âge de la mère, l'âge gestationnel, le sexe du fœtus et les caractéristiques échographiques des malformations fœtales retrouvées. L'analyse statistique s'est faite à l'aide des tests de Khi2 et de Fisher au seuil de signifi cativité situé à 5% (P<005). Résultats : Les malformations fœtales représentaient 43 cas sur 11879 échographies obstétricales soit une prévalence de 0,36%. L'âge moyen des gestantes était de 40,23 ± 6,34 ans avec des extrêmes de 16 et 43 ans. Les malformations fœtales découvertes au troisième trimestre représentaient 67,44% des cas. Les anomalies malformatives prédominaient sur les fœtus de sexe masculin avec 62,8%. Les anomalies du système nerveux central (SNC) étaient les plus représentées avec 51,16 % suivies des anomalies uro-génitales (30,23 %). L'hydrocéphalie était la principale malformation du SNC avec 63,63% des cas. L'hydronéphrose représentait 76,93% des anomalies uro-génitales et l'omphalocèle était la malformation abdominale la plus représentée avec 60% des cas. Conclusion: L'échographie obstétricale occupe une place incontournable dans le dépistage, le suivi et la prise en charge des malformations fœtales

Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Quadratus Lumborum Block and Intrathecal Morphine for Postcesarean Analgesia / Ensaio Clínico Randomizado Comparando Bloqueio do Quadrado Lombar e Morfina Intratecal Para Analgesia Pós-cesariana

Abstract Objective To compare the efficacy of quadratus lumborum (QL) block and intrathecal morphine (M) for postcesarean delivery analgesia. Methods Thirty-one pregnant women with ≥ 37 weeks of gestation submitted to elective cesarean section were included in the study. They were randomly allocated to either the QL group (12.5 mg 0.5% bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia and 0.3 ml/kg 0.2% bupivacaine for QL block) or the M group (12.5 mg bupivacaine 0.5% and 100 mcg of morphine in spinal anesthesia). The visual analog scale of pain, consumption of morphine and tramadol for pain relief in 48 hours, and side effects were recorded. Results Median pain score and/or pain variation were higher in the morphine group than in the QL group (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in the consumption of morphine or tramadol between groups over time. Side effects such as pruritus, nausea, and vomiting were observed only in the morphine group. Conclusion Quadratus lumborum block and intrathecal morphine are effective for analgesia after cesarean section. Patients undergoing QL block had lower postoperative pain scores without the undesirable side effects of opioids such as nausea, vomiting, and pruritus.

Resumo Objetivo Comparar a eficácia do bloqueio do quadrado lombar (QL) e da morfina intratecal (M) na analgesia pós-cesariana. Métodos Trinta e uma gestantes com ≥ 37 semanas de gestação submetidas a cesariana eletiva foram incluídas no estudo. Eles foram alocados aleatoriamente no grupo QL (12,5 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5% para raquianestesia e 0,3 ml/kg de bupivacaína a 0,2% para bloqueio de QL) ou no grupo M (12,5 mg de bupivacaína a 0,5% e 100 mcg de morfina na raquianestesia). A escala visual analógica de dor, consumo de morfina e tramadol para alívio da dor em 48 horas e efeitos colaterais foram registrados. Resultados A mediana do escore de dor e/ou variação da dor foi maior no grupo morfina do que no grupo QL (p = 0,02). Não houve diferença significativa no consumo de morfina ou tramadol entre os grupos ao longo do tempo. Efeitos colaterais como prurido, náuseas e vômitos foram observados apenas no grupo morfina. Conclusão O bloqueio QL e a morfina intratecal são eficazes para analgesia após cesariana. Os pacientes submetidos ao bloqueio do QL apresentaram menores escores de dor pós-operatória sem os efeitos colaterais indesejáveis dos opioides, como náuseas, vômitos e prurido.

Characteristics and Surgical Repair Outcomes of Obstetric Fistula Patients Managedata Teaching Hospital in Zambia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundThe obstetric fistula is a chronic maternal morbidity of global public health concern. The condition is preventable and, in most cases, treatable. Surgicalrepairis themainstay of treatment with varying degrees of success. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics, surgical outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes of women presenting with obstetric fistulas at a Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: Aretrospective review of medical records for all women who underwent obstetric fistula repair surgeryat Women and Newborn Hospital from 2017 to 2019. Descriptive analysis was done. Fischer's exact test was used to measure association between surgical outcomes and variables in the model.: ResultsIn total,18 out of 29 records of patients who underwentfistularepairwereretrievedandanalyzed. Ages ranged from 15 to 47 years, mean age 29years.Overtwothirds(72.23%)weremultiparous, and over 3/4ths (77.8%) underwent caesarean section in the antecedent pregnancy. Success rate for fistula repair was 83%at 2 weeks post-operative.Study findings were inadequate to show a significant association between successful repair and factors in the model. Conclusion: Majority of women presenting with obstetric fistula were multiparous with a history of prolonged labour, delivery by caesarean section and poor birth outcomes. Success rate for obstetric fistula repair at Women and Newborn Hospital was 83% at 2weeks postoperative. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes.:

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in pre-term pregnancy: A case report

@#Cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy account for significant morbidity and mortality. An abdominal aortic aneurysm posts high mortality for otherwise healthy patients, more so for conditions that alter normal physiology such as in preterm pregnancy. Abdominal aortic dissection during pregnancy is a rare and life-threatening condition for both the mother and the fetus. An understanding of physiologic maternal changes and surgical stress responses is important to attenuate perioperative hemodynamic changes and prevent progression of aortic expansion and aortic rupture. As an anesthesiologist, one is positioned to facilitate communication among the internist, obstetrician and vascular surgeon for surgical success. This case report presents the anesthetic considerations in the perioperative management of a preterm pregnancy for a major abdominal surgery.

Anestesia para emergencias en obstetricia / Obstetric patient and anesthesia

Pregnancy induces changes in almost every body system, pushing their reserves to the limit. There is a decrease in systemic vascular resistance, a progressive increase in blood volume, heart rate and myocardial size, resulting in an increased cardiac output. It reduces the functional residual capacity and increases the tidal volume. Oxygen consumption increases, leading to a decrease in oxygen reserves and increased risk of hypoxemia under hypoventilation or apnea (more frequent due to difficult airway management as a result of edema). Important changes are also observed at the hematological, renal and intestinal levels. Uterineplacental blood flow increases progressively during pregnancy, elevating the risk of massive hemorrhage. When intrauterine resuscitation does not resolve acute fetal distress, urgent cesarean section should be performed. Neuraxial over general anesthesia is recommended. In emergency situations, general anesthesia or "Rapid Sequence Spinal Anesthesia" is suggested as an alternative. The requirements of both, hypnotics and inhalation agents, decrease during pregnancy. Obstetric hemorrhage may be the result of bleeding from placenta or a consequence of trauma to the genital tract during delivery. The most severe cases present hypovolemic shock. Along with controlling the source of bleeding, the treatment goals are: treat hypovolemia and acute trauma coagulopathy, preserve oxygen transport capacity, repair the endothelium and prevent dilutional coagulopathy. Management of placenta accreta must be multidisciplinary. Preoperative diagnosis is essential for adequate preparation. Combined spinal-epidural technique is recommended. When hysterectomy becomes necessary, conversion to general anesthesia should be considered. Amniotic fluid embolism in its early stage produces right ventricular dysfunction due to acute pulmonary hypertension and, in its late stage, left ventricular dysfunction. In 40% of cases, multifactorial coagulopathy is observed. The diagnostic criteria are: 1) hypotension or cardiac arrest, hypoxia and coagulopathy; 2) during labor, caesarean section, uterine curettage or in the first 30 minutes postpartum; 3) in the absence of another diagnosis that explains the symptoms. Treatment is supportive, besides termination of pregnancy. Resuscitation during pregnancy must be led by a professional who understands the complexities of the situation. Maternal well-being is the best predictor of fetal well-being. A perimortem cesarean may become necessary.

El embarazo induce cambios en casi todos los sistemas corporales, llevando al límite las reservas a cada uno de ellos. Hay disminución de la resistencia vascular sistémica, aumento progresivo de la volemia, frecuencia cardiaca y tamaño miocárdico, lo que produce un aumento del débito cardiaco. Se reduce de la capacidad residual funcional y aumenta del volumen corriente. Aumenta el consumo de oxígeno, lo que conlleva disminución de la reserva de oxígeno y aumenta el riesgo de hipoxemia frente a hipoventilación o apnea (más frecuente dificultad en el manejo de vía aérea por edema). También se observan importantes cambios a nivel hematológico, renal e intestinal. El aumento progresivo de flujo úteroplacentario propicia el desarrollo de hemorragias masivas. Cuando la reanimación intrauterina no resuelve el sufrimiento fetal agudo se debe proceder a la cesárea de urgencia. En dicho caso, se privilegia la anestesia neuroaxial por sobre la general. En la cesárea de emergencia se recomienda anestesia general o "anestesia espinal en secuencia rápida" como alternativa. Los requerimientos tanto de hipnóticos como de agentes inhalatorios disminuyen en el embarazo. La hemorragia obstétrica resulta del sangrado del lecho placentario o como consecuencia del traumatismo al tracto genital durante el parto. La forma de presentación de los casos graves generalmente es con hipovolémico. Junto con controlar la fuente del sangrado los objetivos son: tratar la hipovolemia, tratar la coagulopatía aguda del trauma, preservar la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno, reparar el endotelio y prevenir la coagulopatía dilucional. El manejo de la placenta acreta es multidisciplinario. El diagnóstico preoperatorio es imprescindible para la adecuada preparación. Es recomendable una técnica combinada espinal-epidural y conversión a anestesia general en caso de histerectomía. La embolia de líquido amniótico en su etapa temprana produce disfunción ventricular derecha, por hipertensión pulmonar aguda y en su etapa tardía, disfunción ventricular izquierda. En el 40% de los casos, se observa coagulopatía multifactorial. Los criterios diagnósticos son: 1) hipotensión o paro cardíaco, hipoxia y coagulopatía; 2) durante el trabajo de parto, cesárea, legrado uterino o en los primeros 30 min posparto; 3) en ausencia de otro cuadro que explique los síntomas. El tratamiento es de soporte y la interrupción del embarazo. La reanimación durante el embarazo debe ser liderada por un profesional que conozca las particularidades del manejo. El bienestar materno es el mejor predictor de bienestar fetal. Una cesárea puede ser necesaria.

Manejo anestésico de la paciente de urgencia embarazada / Pregnant patient in emergency

Laparoscopic apendicectomy posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position in a pregnant patient with cerebellopontine angle meningioma. A review is made of those anatomical and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, that may affect anesthesia administration. Emphasis is made in upper airway, respiratory function, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that are relevant to the administration of general and regional anesthesia are described. The most suitable time for surgery is discussed and is concluded that elective surgery must not be performed during pregnancy and it should be postponed until after delivery. In some cases, immediately after, such as tubal sterilization, and others, after normalization of physiological parameters. A remark is made regarding teratogenicity: Although there is a well-known effect of anesthetic drugs on cell formation, mitosis and DNA synthesis (which participate in cell differentiation and organogenesis), any significant change in function or morphology of a child, secondary to a prenatal treatments (such as, anesthetic management) may eventually affect the outcome. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the anesthetic techniques of choice. There is not a single optimal technique for all cases but becomes clear that maintaining maternal oxygenation and uteroplacental flow are the key. Whichever technique is chosen, it is paramount to avoid hypoxemia and acidosis, maintaining normocarbia and normothermia, treating hypotension aggressively; however, in general when a regional technique is feasible, its use is preferable.

La apendicectomía laparoscópica es la cirugía más frecuente durante el embarazo. El Colegio Americano de Obstetras y Ginecólogos (ACOG), sugiere que es importante contactar a un obstetra antes de realizar la cirugía. Se hace una revisión de los cambios anatómicos y fisiológicos que ocurren durante el embarazo más relacionados con la administración de anestesia, especialmente en la vía aérea superior, en la función respiratoria, en el sistema cardiovascular y a nivel gastrointestinal. Se describen los cambios farmacológicos, farmacocinéticos y farmacodinámicos implicados con la administración de anestesia general y regional. Se discute el momento más adecuado para la realización de una cirugía: una cirugía electiva no debe realizarse durante el embarazo, sino que debe postergarse hasta después del parto; algunas inmediatamente después, como la esterilización tubaria y otras, después que los parámetros fisiológicos hayan vuelto a la normalidad. Se hace una referencia a la teratogenocidad, que no solo es el efecto de las drogas usadas en anestesia que pudieran afectar la formación celular, mitosis y síntesis de ADN, que participan en la diferenciación celular y la organogénesis, sino a cualquier cambio significativo en la función o morfología de un niño, secundario a algún tratamiento prenatal (en este caso, el manejo anestésico). Finalmente, se recomienda una técnica anestésica: no existe una única técnica óptima en la medida de que se mantenga la oxigenación materna y el flujo uteroplacentario. Cualquiera sea la técnica elegida, lo importante es evitar la hipoxemia y la acidosis, mantener la normocarbia y la normotermia, y tratar de manera agresiva la hipotensión arterial; sin embargo, en términos generales, cuando es posible, se prefiere una técnica regional.

Revisión de evidencia del impacto de la anestesia obstétrica en los desenlaces maternos y neonatales. Un análisis de la literatura / Review of evidence of the impact of obstetric anesthesia on maternal and neonatal outcomes. An analysis of the literature

We present the analysis and comments of a review of evidence of the impact of obstetric anesthesia on maternal and neonatal outcomes, based on an article previously published by Lim et al.[1]. The advances in obstetric anesthesia on analgesia and anesthesia for labor and delivery, anesthesia for cesarean section and outcomes in obstetric anesthesia.

Se presenta el análisis y comentarios de una revisión de evidencia del impacto de la anestesia obstétrica en los desenlaces maternos y neonatales, basado en un artículo previamente publicado por Lim y cols.[1]. Se analizan los avances en la anestesiología obstétrica sobre analgesia y anestesia para el parto, anestesia para cesárea y desenlaces en anestesia obstétrica.

¿Puede el fentanilo intratecal disminuir la aparición de náuseas y vómito en comparación con ondansetrón intravenoso durante cesárea electiva? Revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis / Can intrathecal fentanyl decrease the occurrence of nausea and vomiting compared with intravenous ondansetron during elective cesarean section? Literature Systematic review and meta-analysis

Elective caesarean section is one of the surgeries with the highest intraoperative incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting (IONV), due, among other causes, to the use of anesthetics during the procedure. Some clinical trials have associated the use of low-dose intrathecal (IT) fentanyl with a lower incidence of nausea, retching and vomiting compared to other anesthetics used during caesarean sections. In this context, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the decrease in the appearance of nausea and vomiting during elective caesarean section with the application of IT fentanyl when compared with the use of intravenous ondansetron (EV). A systematic search was conducted in the main databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar) for Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of IT fentanyl compared to ondansetron EV to decrease the occurrence and incidence of IONV during elective caesarean section. The meta-analysis showed a reduction in the incidence of nausea (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.93, P = 0.03), gagging (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0, 18-0.88, P = 0.02) and vomiting (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11-0.64, P = 0.003) in the group of patients treated with IT fentanyl compared to the group treated with EV ondansetron. From the results, it is suggested that the administration of 12.5 to 20 µg of IT fentanyl may decrease the incidence of IONV in patients undergoing elective caesarean section, although the importance of more high-quality RCTs is highlighted.

La cesárea electiva es una de las cirugías con mayor incidencia intraoperatoria de náuseas, arcadas y vómito (NAV), debido entre otras causas, al uso de anestésicos durante el procedimiento. Algunos ensayos clínicos han asociado el uso de fentanilo intratecal (IT) a dosis bajas con una menor incidencia de náuseas, arcadas y vómito en comparación con otros anestésicos usados durante las cesáreas. En este contexto el objetivo de este metaanálisis fue evaluar la disminución en la aparición de náuseas y vómito durante cesárea electiva con la aplicación de fentanilo IT al compararlo con el uso de ondansetrón intravenoso (EV). Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos (PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar) para ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) que evaluaron el uso del fentanilo IT en comparación con ondansetrón EV para disminuir la aparición e incidencia de IONV durante cesárea electiva. En el metaanálisis se evidenció una reducción en la incidencia de náusea (RR 0,52, 95% IC 0,29-0,93, P = 0,03), arcada (RR 0,39, 95% IC 0,18-0,88, P = 0,02) y vómito (RR 0,26, 95% IC 0,11-0,64, P = 0,003) en el grupo de pacientes tratados con fentanilo IT comparado con el grupo tratado con ondansetrón EV. A partir de los resultados, se sugiere que la administración de 12,5 a 20 µg de fentanilo IT puede disminuir la incidencia de NAV intraoperatorias en pacientes sometidas a cesárea electiva, aunque se resalta la importancia de más ECA de alta calidad.

Anestesia obstétrica en paciente con arteritis de Takayasu / Obstetric anesthesia in a patient with Takayasu arteritis

Introducción: La arteritis de Takayasu es una enfermedad inflamatoria que afecta la aorta y sus ramas y muestra predilección por la población asiática. Objetivo: Describir la conducción anestésica en una paciente obstétrica con arteritis de Takayasu. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenina, de 20 años de edad, con embarazo de 39 semanas, antecedentes de arteritis de Takayasu. A los seis meses de gestación aparecieron los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad. Se confirma diagnostico a través de AngioTAC de tronco supraaórtico y vasos del cuello, además de Doppler carotideo. Se observa trastornos vasculares oclusivos, estenosis concéntrica de ambas carótidas y de principales ramas del cayado aórtico. Finalmente, se confirmó el diagnóstico de arteritis de Takayasu tipo I. Al término de su embarazo, se decide cesárea electiva para evitar el trabajo de parto. Conclusiones: La anestesia obstétrica para pacientes con esta enfermedad es altamente complicada por su compleja conducción, observación e interpretación de la monitorización multiparamétrica e imagenológica. Durante la conducción anestésica es imprescindible el control estricto hemodinámico, evitando síndrome de bajo flujo sanguíneo y daño isquémico materno o fetal(AU) .

Introduction: Takayasu arteritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the aorta and its branches, and shows a predilection for the Asian population. Objective: To describe anesthetic management in an obstetric patient with Takayasu arteritis. Case presentation: Female patient, 20 years old, 39 weeks of pregnancy, a history of Takayasu arteritis. At six months of gestation, the first symptoms of the disease appeared. Diagnosis is confirmed through CT angiography of the supra-aortic trunk and neck vessels, in addition to carotid Doppler. Occlusive vascular disorders, as well as concentric stenosis of both carotids and the main branches of the aortic arch are observed. Finally, the diagnosis of type I Takayasu arteritis was confirmed. At the end of her pregnancy, an elective cesarean section was decided to avoid labor. Conclusions: Obstetric anesthesia for patients with this disease is highly complicated due to its complex management, observation and interpretation of multiparametric and imaging monitoring. During anesthetic conduction, strict hemodynamic control is essential, avoiding low blood flow syndrome and maternal or fetal ischemic damage(AU)

Anesthesia for a cesarean section on a pregnant patient with Cockayne syndrome: case report / Anestesia para cesárea em gestante com síndrome de Cockayne: relato de caso

Abstract Cockayne syndrome is an autosomal recessive multi-systemic disorder due to DNA repair failure. It was originally described in 1936 in children of small stature, retinal atrophy and deafness, characterized by dwarfism, cachexia, photosensitivity, premature aging and neurologic deficits. The most typical feature is described as birdlike facies: protruding maxilla, facial lipoatrophy, sunken eyes, large ears and thin nose. Difficult airway management with subglottic stenosis and risk of gastric content aspiration has been described. Although the clinical characteristics of Cockayne syndrome have been well described in pediatric publications, there is only one report in the literature on anesthesia for an obstetric patient. We report the case of a pregnant patient diagnosed with Cockayne syndrome, submitted successfully to spinal anesthesia for a cesarean section due to cephalopelvic disproportion. In view of the difficult decision between inducing general anesthesia in a patient with a likely difficult airway, or neuraxial anesthesia in a patient with cardiovascular, respiratory and neurocognitive limitations, we suggest tailored management to reach the best results for the mother and newborn.

Resumo A síndrome de Cockayne é doença multissistêmica autossômica recessiva devido à falha no reparo do DNA. Originalmente descrita em 1936 em crianças com baixa estatura, atrofia retiniana e surdez, é caracterizada por nanismo, caquexia, fotossensibilidade, envelhecimento acelerado e déficits neurológicos. O mais típico é a fácies, descrita como similar à de um pássaro: maxila proeminente, atrofia do coxim adiposo bucal, olhos profundos, orelhas grandes e nariz fino. Tem sido descrita dificuldade no manejo da via aérea com estreitamento subglótico e risco de aspiração gástrica. Embora as características clínicas da síndrome de Cockayne sejam bem relatadas em publicações pediátricas, há apenas um relato de anestesia em paciente obstétrica na literatura. Relatamos o caso de gestante com diagnóstico de síndrome de Cockayne, submetida com sucesso a raquianestesia para parto cesariano por desproporção cefalopélvica. Diante da difícil decisão entre induzir anestesia geral em paciente com provável via aérea difícil ou anestesia neuroaxial, em meio a limitações cardiovasculares, respiratórias e neurocognitivas da paciente, conduta individualizada é sugerida para alcançar os melhores resultados para a gestante e o neonato.

The multidisciplinary challenge of anesthesia for ex utero intrapartum treatment: a case report / O desafio multidisciplinar da anestesia para procedimento intraparto extra-uterino: relato de caso

Abstract The Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) is a surgical procedure performed in cases of expected postpartum fetal airway obstruction, allowing the establishment of patent airway while maintaining placental circulation. Anesthesia for EXIT procedure has several specific features such as adequate uterine relaxation, maintenance of maternal blood pressure fetal anesthesia and fetal airway establishment. The anesthesiologist should be aware of these particularities in order to contribute to a favorable outcome. This is a case report of an EXIT procedure performed on a fetus with a cervical lymphangioma with prenatal evidence of partial obstruction of the trachea and risk of post-delivery airway compromise.

Resumo O procedimento Intraparto Extra-Uterino (EXIT) é procedimento cirúrgico realizado em casos de previsão de obstrução de via aérea fetal no pós-parto, que permite estabelecer via aérea patente enquanto a circulação placentária é mantida. A anestesia para o procedimento EXIT apresenta várias características específicas, tais como relaxamento uterino adequado, manutenção da pressão arterial materna, anestesia fetal e estabelecimento da via aérea fetal. O anestesiologista deve estar ciente dessas especificidades para contribuir para desfecho favorável. Trata-se de relato de caso de procedimento EXIT realizado em feto com linfangioma cervical e evidência pré-natal de obstrução parcial de traqueia e risco de comprometimento de via aérea pós-parto.

Retos durante la realización de cesáreas perimorten / Challenges during the performance of perimortem cesarean section

Introducción: El paro cardiaco en gestantes y la cesárea perimorten son infrecuentes. Estas constituyen catástrofes médicas que precisan atención inmediata. Realizar este proceder según normas adecuadas brinda mejores opciones a la madre y el feto. Cuba presta especial atención al binomio materno fetal, para ello emplea grandes recursos humanos y tecnológicos. Objetivo: Actualizar la información acerca de cesárea perimorten. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión en bases de datos que permitiese encontrar descripciones epidemiológicas, informes de casos, series de casos, comunicaciones personales, y estudios en diferentes contextos sanitarios, los cuales sirvieran de evidencia científica del tema. Resultados: El paro cardiaco en embarazadas es un evento infrecuente, la realización de una cesárea perimorten con tiempo reducido (4-5 min) resultó una opción efectiva. El trabajo del equipo multidisciplinario basado en protocolos tiene una función que beneficia tanto a la madre como al feto. Actualmente se recomienda el concepto de histerotomía resucitadora que refleja la optimización de los esfuerzos realizados en la reanimación. La muerte materna por anestesia es una emergencia médica que requiere especial atención. Existen asociaciones médicas que preconizan las escalas de cuidados precoces en gestantes graves, con un entrenamiento actualizado y con estrategias novedosas para obtener mejores resultados. Conclusiones: El estudio del paro cardiaco en gestantes, la cesárea perimorten y la muerte materna relacionada con la anestesia son importantes. La creación de grupos multidisciplinarios y grupos bien entrenados son la mejor opción en estas circunstancias. Se recomienda incrementar el estudio y entrenamiento para ofrecer las mejores opciones al binomio materno-fetal(AU)

Introduction: Cardiac arrest in pregnant women and perimortem cesarean section are rare. These are medical catastrophes that require immediate attention. Performing this procedure according to adequate standards provides better options for both the mother and the fetus. Cuba pays special attention to the maternal-fetal binomial, for which large amounts of human and technological resources are used. Objective: To update the information about perimortem cesarean section. Methods: A database review was carried out to find epidemiological descriptions, case reports, case series, personal communications, and studies in different health contexts, which would serve as scientific evidence on the subject. Results: Cardiac arrest in pregnant women is a rare event; the performance of a perimortem cesarean section with reduced time (4-5 min) was an effective option. The work of the multidisciplinary team based on protocols has a function that benefits both the mother and the fetus. Currently, the concept of resuscitative hysterotomy is recommended, which reflects the optimization of the resuscitation efforts. Maternal death by anesthesia is a medical emergency that requires special attention. There are medical associations that advocate the scales of early care in pregnant women, with updated training and innovative strategies to obtain better outcomes. Conclusions: The study of cardiac arrest in pregnant women, perimortem caesarean section and anesthesia-related maternal death are important. The creation of multidisciplinary groups and well-trained groups are the best option in these circumstances. It is recommended to increase the study and training to offer the best options to the maternal-fetal binomial(AU)

Intermittent loss of consciousness during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: a case report / Perda intermitente de consciência durante cesariana sob raquianestesia: relato de caso

Abstract Loss of consciousness during spinal anesthesia is a rare but scary complication. This complication is generally related to severe hypotension and bradycardia, but in this case, the loss of consciousness occurred in a hemodynamically stable parturient patient. We present a 31 years-old patient who underwent an emergency cesarean section. She lost consciousness and had apnea that started 10 minutes after successful spinal anesthesia and repeated three times for a total of 25 minutes, despite the stable hemodynamics of the patient. The case was considered a subdural block, and the patient was provided with respiratory support. The subdural block is expected to start slowly (approximately 15-20 minutes), but in this case, after about 10 minutes of receiving anesthesia, the patient suddenly had a loss of consciousness. After the recovery of consciousness and return of spontaneous respiration, the level of a sensory block of the patient, who was cooperative and oriented, was T4. There were motor blocks in both lower extremities. Four hours after intrathecal injection, both the sensory and motor blocks ended, and she was discharged two days later with no complications. Hence, patients who receive spinal anesthesia should be closely observed for any such undesirable complications.

Resumo A perda de consciência durante a raquianestesia é uma complicação rara, mas assustadora. Essa complicação geralmente está relacionada à grave hipotensão e bradicardia, mas, neste caso, a perda de consciência ocorreu em uma paciente parturiente hemodinamicamente estável. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 31 anos, submetida a uma cesariana de emergência. A paciente perdeu a consciência e apresentou apneia que teve início 10 minutos após a raquianestesia bem-sucedida e repetiu o episódio três vezes por 25 minutos, a despeito de sua hemodinâmica estável. O caso foi considerado como um bloqueio subdural e a paciente recebeu suporte respiratório. Espera-se que o bloqueio subdural inicie lentamente (aproximadamente 15-20 minutos), mas, neste caso, cerca de 10 minutos após a anestesia, a paciente repentinamente perdeu a consciência. Após a recuperação da consciência e o retorno da respiração espontânea, a paciente que estava orientada e cooperativa apresentou nível de bloqueio sensorial em T4. Havia bloqueio motor em ambas as extremidades inferiores. O bloqueio sensório-motor terminou quatro horas após a injeção intratecal e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar dois dias depois, sem complicações. Considerando o exposto, os pacientes que recebem raquianestesia devem ser atentamente observados para quaisquer complicações indesejáveis.